Ancient Egypt
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by Anneke Bart
Ancient Egypt |
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by Anneke Bart
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Kings and Queens 4th dynasty Seneferu, Khufu, Khafre, Menkaure, Djedefre, etc. 11th dynasty Kings named Mentuhotep and Intef 12th dynasty Amenemhet I - IV, Senusret I-III 18th dynasty Amenhotep I-IV, Tuthmosis I-IV, Akhenaten, Tutankhamen, Aye, Horemheb, etc. 19th dynasty Sety I-II, Ramesses I-II, Merenptah, Amenmesses, Tawosret. 20th dynasty Sethnakht, Ramesses III Ramesses IV - XI Cleopatra VII Philopator Queens (D1-6)- Old Kingdom Queens (D11-13) Middle Kingd. Queens (D16-20)- New Kingdom Queens (D21-29)- Late Period Officials, Priesthood etc. Viziers (New Kingdom)
High Priests of Amun God's Wives of Amun High Priests of Ptah Viceroys of Nubia Who's who of New Kingdom  Amarna Period Akhenaten
Queen Nefertiti inscriptions Queen Nefertiti. Queen Kiya Smenkhare Tutankhamen Tombs at Amarna Houses at Amarna Tombs: Valley
of the Kings,
Valley of the Queens Theban Tombs, Tombs at Abydos Tombs at El Kab Tombs in Aswan Early dynastic Saqqara New Kingdom Saqqara The Unis Cemetary Mastabas at the Giza Plateau Giza
Mastabas 1000 cemetary
Giza Mastaba 2000 cemetary Giza Mataba 2300 cemetary Giza Mastaba 4000 cemetary Giza Mastaba 5000 cemetary Giza Mastaba 6000 cemetary Giza Mastaba 7000 cemetary Mummy Caches |
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Khufu  (image of Khufu from egyptarchive) (23 years, ca. 2470 – 2447 BCE) Horus name: Medjedu Nebty name: Nebty-r-medjed Golden Falcon name: Bikwy-nub Nomen: (Khnum-)Khufu (from digitalegypt) Greek: Cheops (Kheops) Son of Seneferu and Hetepheres I. Khufu was the son of the previous ruler and there seem to have been no irregularities in the succession. Manetho called Khufu Suphis II and accorded him a reign of 63 years. Modern egyptologists give him a reign of about 23 years. Khufu established the royal necropolis in Giza. He built the great pyramid, erected a mortuary temple and during his reign we see many members of the royal family and high ranking courtiers with mastabas in the cemetaries near the pyramids. Khufu seems to have inherited a prosperous country from his father Snefru. Khufu was likely married to Queen Meritites and Queen Henutsen. Meritites (sometime written Meritiotes or Merytiotes) was the mother of the heir to the throne Prince Kawab. Kawab had a double mastaba with his wife the Princess Hetepheres II near his father's pyramid. He passed away before his father did and it has been suggested that Kawab was the victim of foul play. Possibly being murdered by or at the order of his brother Djedefre. There is however no real evidence for this scenario. Kawab's widow Hetepheres would eventually marry Djedefre and Kawab's daughter Meresankh III became queen when her uncle Khafre ascended the throne. Khufu's sons Djedefre and Khafre ruled Egypt after their father. Other sons of Khufu held important positions at court during the reigns of their brothers. Minkhaf and Khufukhaf (I) served as Vizier at some point. Papyrus Westcar is a collection of stories as told by Khufu's sons. The first story is damaged and the son is not known, but thought to be Djedefre. The other stories are told by Khafre, Bauefre and Hardjedef. The papyrus dates to the Hyksos period, but seems to be based on older versions that may date back to the Middle Kingdom (12th dynasty). For more detailed information see www.ancient-egypt.org For a thorough transliteration and translation including comments see www.rostau.org.uk At court we see several of Khufu's brothers and other relatives. His brothers Prince Ankhaf, Prince Kanefer served as Vizier at some point, while his cousin Nefermaat and Nefermaat's sons Hemiunu and Sneferu-khaf continued to provide service to Egypt. From
Khufu's reign we have:
The Sinai
inscription: Khufu is shown wearing the double crown. Inventory stela: The district of the Sphinx of
Harmakhis (Hr-m-y' kw t) is on
the south
of the house of Isis, Mistress of the Pyramid; on the north of Osiris, Lord of Rosta (R3-st3). The writings of the goddess of Harmakhis, were brought, in order to investigate. — may he grow; may he live forever and ever, looking toward the east. Live the Horus: Medjer (Md[r]), King of Upper and Lower Egypt: Khufu, who is given life. He found the house of Isis, Mistress of the Pyramid, beside the house of the Sphinx of [Harmakhis] on the northwest of the house of Osiris, Lord of Rosta (R3-st3w). He built his pyramid beside the temple of this goddess, and he built a pyramid for the king's-daughter Henutsen (Hnwt-sn) beside this temple. [Breasted; ancient Records] The Great Pyramid Complex: Great Pyramid at Giza was known in ancient times as Akhet-Khufu which means Khufu’s Horizon. The pyramid complex includes three subsidiary pyramids, sometimes called Queen's pyramids. These smaller pyramids are sometimes lbeled as G Ia, G Ib and G Ic: G Ia Pyramid of Queen Mother Hetepheres I? The northern most queen's pyamid fas first thought to have belonged to Meritites. But on the basis of Lehner's work it is now believed that this pyramid was made for the Queen-Mother Hetepheres I. This pyramid came with a small mortuary temple and a boat pit. Only ruins remain of the temple and the no boat was fo in the pit. No sarcophagus was found in the pyramid. Funerary equipment for HEtepheres was found in G 7000X G Ib Pyramid of Queen Meritites? This pyramid had a boat pit and a small mortuary temple. It is not known who this pyramid was meant for, but it is possible that the pyramid belonged to Queen Meritites. G Ic Pyramid of Queen Henutsen? This pyramid had no boat pit. It is thought to belong to Queen Henutsen. The mortuary temple may have been started as late as the reign of Shepseskaf. On a stela Henutsen is referred to as the Kings Daughter. It's not clear whose daughter she was. Some experts have pointed out that G Ic was not part of the original pyramid complex of Khufu (Janosi). It has been suggested that the pyramid was added during the reign of Khafre. Some have suggested (Stadelmann for instance) that Khafre is identical to Prince Khufukhaf I. If so, Khafre could have been a son of Khufu and Henutsen and he could have added his mother's pyramid to his father's complex. 
 The pyramid
of Khufu, and the sarcophagus in the burial chamber.
Click on image to see larger picture. Images from egyptarchive. Wives:
Sons:
 Kawab with Hetepheres and Meresankh
Daughters:
Other
individuals known from this time period:
PriesthoodWepemnefert Titles: King’s son, Prophet of Heqet, heka-priest of Mehyt, Overseer of Royal Scribes, Royal Architect, etc. Temp. Khufu. Buried in G 1201. A slab stela of the prince is in the Hearst museum collection.Kaem-Ah (Ka-m-aha) Titles: King’s son, Overseer of the phylai of Upper Egypt, Greatest of the Ten of Upper Egypt. Buried in G 1223. Yunu Titles: King’s son, Overseer of the phylai of Upper Egypt, Greatest of the Ten of Upper Egypt. Temp. Khufu. Buried in G 4150. It is not clear if the title of King's Son should be taken literally here. The title seems to have been bestowed as an honorary title. If these men were really the sons of a King, then they could also have been sons of Snefru and as contemporaries of Khufu served in their priestly capacities during Khufu's reign. Army, public worksKanufer Titles: Overseer of commissions, Director of bowmen. Buried in G 1203. Probably from the time of Khufu. A reserve head from his tomb is in the Hearst museum collection. A statue which probably depicts Kanufer, Overseer of commissions, Director of bowmen, etc., and a woman named Iynefert, Prophetess of Hathor in all her beautiful places, etc. is now in the Louvre. Louvre, A 120 [E.6854]. [PM VIII] Iny Title: Director of cattle-herdsmen and the pastures. Buried in G 1235. CourtSeveral sons and grandsons of Sneferu continued to serve the palace during the reign of Khufu. A handful of other individuals are known to us from thier tombs. Below is a list of some people one could have found at Khufu's court.Prince Kanefer, Son of Snefru. Second Vizier of Snefru, continued to serve Khufu. (A History of Ancient Egypt By Nicolas-Christophe Grimal - pg 68) Hemiunu Titles: King’s son of his body, Chief Justice and Vizier, etc. Khufu's second Vizier (A History of Ancient Egypt By Nicolas-Christophe Grimal - pg 68) Buried in G 4000. Hemiunu was the son of Prince Nefermaet and his wife Itet and the grandson of Snefru. A statue of Hemiunu is now in the Pelizaeus Museum in Hildesheim. Hemiunu is depicted in a limestone statue, ca 1.5 meters high. "[1] Hereditary Count, Vizier), Sealbearer of the King of Lower Egypt, Guardian of Nekhen, Mouth of all (people) of Pe" "[2] Priest of Bastet, Priest of Shesemtet, Priest of the Ram of Mendes" "[3] Staff of Apis, Staff of the White Bull, who loves his lord" "[4] Eldest of the Palace, 'Greatest of the Five' (in) the House of Thoth, who loves his lord, the Sole Friend" "[5] Overseer of the Royal Scribes, ...(?), Director of the Singers of Upper and Lower Egypt, Overseer of all royal works, Bodily Son of the King, Hem-iunu." The "Overseer of all Royal Works" has lead people to believe that Hemiunu was involved in the construction of the Pyramids. See: Global Egyptian Museum Khemtnu (Khemten) Titles: King’s wab-priest, Prophet of Khufu, Steward of Kawab, Hetepheres II and Meresankh III, etc. Temp. Khufu to end of Dyn. 4 or early Dyn. 5. It's hard to say if Khemtnu was a steward to Kawab, Hetepheres and Meresankh or if he served as a steward in their cult. If he did personally serve the royal family, he is one of very few palace officials known to us. Buried in G 5210. Akhethotep Titles: Prophet of Khufu, Sole companion, Director of the Palace, etc., Akhethotep was married to Princess Meritiotes, who had the titles King’s daughter of his body, Prophetess of Khufu, Hathor, and Neith, etc. Akhethotep and Meritiotes likely date to the time period from Khufu to Khephren. Meritiotes was likely the daughter of Khufu and Queen Meritiotes I. Akhethotep and his wife were buried in G 7650. Nefermaat II Time of Seneferu – Khufu/Khephren? King’s son, Hereditary prince, Overlord of Nekheb, etc. (Vizier of Khephren.) Buried in G 7060 Son of Nefertkau I (G7050) and grandson of Seneferu. Seneferu-khaf Son of the Vizier Nefermaat II and great-grandson of Seneferu. Sneferu-khaf may have lived into the ealry 5th dynasty. Treasurer of the King of Lower Egypt, Herdsman of Apis, etc.Tomb G 7070 Prince Ankhaf Time of Sneferu – Khafre Ankhaf was Vizier under Khafre. Married to a lady called Hetepheres, who is not buried in this mastaba as it only has one burial shaft. Ankhaf and Hetepheres were both children of Seneferu, hence they were (half-) brother and sister. Parents of Ankhaf were Snefru and a minor Queen. G 7510 Prince Seshat-sekhentiu Chief lector-priest from the time of Khufu. Tomb: G2120 Khentka Titles: King’s son [of his body], Sole companion. Buried in G 2130. Possibly dates to the time of Khufu. Khufunakht Title: Royal acquaintance. Buried in G 1205. Nefer(t) Titles: Royal acquaintance (woman). Probably dates to the time of Khufu or later, based on a block with masons' graffito bearing the name of Khufu. Buried in G 1207. References: Dodson, Hilton The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt, London 2004 N-C. Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt Porter and Moss, Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs, and Paintings; Part III; Download from Gizapyramids.org Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Statues, Reliefs and PaintingsVolume VIII, Parts 1 and 2: Objects of Provenance Not Known: Statues Online Version (April 2008) |
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Comments: email barta@slu.edu |
